How the Writers Shape or Craft Each Text to Meet the Expectations Free Essays

Examine how the writers shape or craft each text to meet the expectations of their respective audience, purpose and context Excerpt from Weblog and extract from Vernon God Little by DCB Pierre Text B is in the form of a blog, which is an online diary updated regularly by its author. Text C is an extract from the novel Vernon God Little by DCB Pierre. Both authors target a young adult audience through use of a casual tone to engage the reader and gain empathetic response. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Writers Shape or Craft Each Text to Meet the Expectations or any similar topic only for you Order Now The weblog writer uses colloquialisms such as ‘gutted’, and elision; ‘Whatcha’ DCB Pierre engages a young audience through use of a teenage protagonist. The weblog starts in medea res with use of the discourse marker ‘So after another†¦ ’ creating an informal ambience. This also suggests that the audience are regular readers of this particular blog, as they are expected to understand what the conversation is referring back to. The writer uses contractions; ‘Isn’t’ which reassures the informal tone. A similar tone is used in Vernon God Little, as the protagonist directly addresses the reader throughout; ‘You’d remember Clarence somebody’. nd uses the present tense to further engage the reader; ‘I sit waiting†¦ ’ The weblog writer uses parenthesis to convey to the reader a further thought on the previous statement; ‘On the plus side (a very small plus size)’ This further engages the reader and makes them feel as though they are directly involved with the writer. The main purp ose of both texts is to entertain, however both also inform the reader of the protagonist’s current situation; the weblog writer has just received news informing them that they have not been successful in a job application. JCB Pierre’s protagonist is currently in prison; ‘I sit waiting between shafts of light from a row of doorways†¦ looks like I’m the only one they rounded up so far’ This suggests that perhaps the protagonist is innocent, or there were more people involved in the crime as he is evidently waiting for them to be arrested. The context of the weblog is that the writer has recently received a job rejection and is reaching out to his readers to gain perhaps sympathy and empathy from them. The writer uses language such as; ‘Back at square one’ Emphasising to the reader that they are disheartened by the rejection. The simile, ‘Like a punch in the stomach’ reiterates the sadness the writer is feeling and the intention was to possibly gain a sympathetic response from readers to help him feel better about himself. The context of the novel extract is that a fifteen year old Texan boy (the protagonist) has been arrested and is recalling a man who was previously arrested for a similar crime. It contains slight sarcasm or black humour, as the protagonist mentions the news coverage of the man mentioned previously, lacking any details of the crime he committed; ‘The news said how little he cares about the effects of his crimes. By ‘effects’ I think they meant axe-wounds. ’ This sarcastic humour entertains the reader whilst informing them of events prior to the arrest of the main voice in this story. The narrator’s final sentence is almost foreboding, as he states; ‘They sentenced him to death. ’ How to cite How the Writers Shape or Craft Each Text to Meet the Expectations, Essay examples

Secret Economics The Economic Impact of the Vietnam War free essay sample

This paper is an analysis of the economic impact that the Vietnam War had on the American economy. This paper attempts to estimate what the real total economic cost of the Vietnam War was to the United States. The paper concludes that a reasonable estimate of the economic impact of the Vietnam War on the American economy is that an entire years worth of productive activity was used to fight the war. The Vietnam War was the defining experience for a generation of Americans. Indeed, it is arguably one of the defining experiences of America as a whole in the Twentieth Century. Its impact on the men who fought there, the men (and women) who did not, the American military in general, American society and popular culture during and following the war has been well documented. However, it was not just a life changing experience for soldiers and protestors, or a force for social change, or even an inspiration for thousands of books and dozens of movies. We will write a custom essay sample on Secret Economics: The Economic Impact of the Vietnam War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page War is not least an economic event. In addition to being a military defeat, a political blunder and a human tragedy, the Vietnam War was also an economic disaster.

the lawsuit Essays - Presidency Of Barack Obama, Barack Obama

March 15th, 2011 Subject: Principles of Economics I Name: Hassan Shahid Student ID: 757196395 Instructor: Prof. Moses Ayiku U.S Budget for 2011 Present Obama presented Congress with a record $3.6 trillion budget. The total revenue for 2011 is estimated at $2 trillion. If you do the math, this will give the government a total deficit of an estimated $1.6 trillion which is also the highest at record. The following is a comparison of estimated spending for the year 2010 and 2011 on few major components of the government. [1]Area of spending2010 (billion)2011 (billion) - National defense$722$738 - Social security$724$738 - Medicare$462$498 - Health$386$381 - Income security$629$567 - Transportation$93$91 - Education & training$93$122 - Net interest$188$251 - Veterans benefits$124$122 - Science, space & technology$31$31 - International affairs$67$65 - Agriculture$25$24 - Community development$21$20 [1] [2] President Obama sent Congress on Monday a record $3.8 trillion budget for 2011 that would boost war spending, trim some domestic spending and rely on $1.3 trillion in new borrowing. The budget would be the third in a row with a deficit of more than $1 trillion, following this year's record $1.6 trillion, a figure the White House increased in its budget. The red ink would be cut in half by 2014, mostly by allowing tax cuts on families making more than $250,000 to expire in 2011.A year after proposing major increases for health care, energy and education, Obama is putting almost $30 billion more into the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, boosting homeland security and international spending, and proposing a three-year freeze on some domestic spending [2]. From my point of view, the numbers speak for themselves; most of the government earning is spent on defense. We are fighting a war on two fronts and we clearly knew one of them wasn?t necessary. Even after we failed to find WMDs in Iraq, the government didn?t pull out. Prolonging the war will always keep the country in debt. Almost every department whether it was health, agriculture or community development; faced budget cuts. Budget cuts lead to job losses; which lead to people spending less and resulting in slow economic growth. If we keep at this rate, the national debt is going to keep increasing and the annual interest paid out on our debt is going to keep climbing. We have already seen a $63 billion increase from 2010 to 2011 on interest payments alone. The rich are still earning more and getting tax breaks, while the middle class continue to suffer from poor heath benefits, job losses and lost benefits. Work Cited [1]http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/02/01/us/budget.html [2]http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2010-02-01-budget-obama_N.htm

Ruth Benedict essays

Ruth Benedict essays The explorations into the enculturation of human beings and its numerous variations have molded the groundwork of anthropology. A field so entrenched in the comparative study of human societies and cultures, anthropology has facilitated the understanding of how humans have adapted to their environments and themselves. When comparing an advanced institutionalized culture to an isolated primitive one, key similarities and differences can de delineated. What is deemed morally right and deserving of exaltation can conversely be seen as an abomination in another culture. Moreover, inherent to human culture are ethical categories of normalcy (societal acceptance) or abnormality (social deviance). Ethics, the grounds for moral validity, are culturally relative to ones society of enculturation. By studying the similarities and differences amongst cultures, Ruth Benedict, anthropologist and author of Anthropology and the Abnormal, illustrates how morality is culturally distinguished. Additionally, Benedict asserts that normality is culturally defined, or what is considered normal is different in varying societies. The varying definitions of normality and abnormality can be seen in the phenomena of trance, homosexuality, and catalepsy. In India, the extreme psychic manifestations of trance and catalepsy are both regarded not only normal but is sanctified. However, in many modern cultures, this trait is seen as a deviation of the norm and is not valued. Homosexuality, in the contemporary society, is seen by many as abnormal but amongst Native American tribes, men who took on the characteristics and behavior of the female gender were held high on the ethical plane. The institution of the berdache, the men-women served as a tribes leader in womens occupations, good healers , and as genial organizers of social affairs. From a specific human behavior to a mode of thinking can be an abnormality where an indivi...

Literature Review on Web3D Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Literature Review on Web3D Technology - Essay Example This particular technology is beginning to transform the way that the Internet and various platforms are used and are looking at and are creating a different approach to programming and specific applications (Basanow et al, 65). While Web 3D is providing a specific alternative to technology, there are also questions on how this application will be used with the Internet as well as what the potential will be with the concepts that are being applied. The Web 3D application is not only important to consider in terms of technological components for the Internet, but also becomes essential to understand with responses and the environment that is being created for end – users that are introduced to Web 3D. One of the main Web 3D uses is with Adobe Flash Based programming. Understanding how Web 3D relates to this specific module as well as how it can be improved then provides a stronger understanding of the evolution of the designs used for Web 3D. The scope of this project is to define what Web 3D is and how it is currently being integrated into the Internet. There will also be specific information based on Adobe and how this is creating a specific set of results for those using the Internet. The literature review described will be based on the current trends and specifications of the concept of 3D as well as how this is changing specific concepts in terms of technology. The question that is being raised is one that is based on how this will transfer into the future of the Internet and Web 3D. The different perspectives that have evolved from Web 3D technology have provided insight into the evolution of the technology as well as how it is affecting the Internet. The different concepts that are available are able to show how the specific technology has evolved as well as what the potential options are for the technology to grow and evolve in the future. The importance that is noted in the literature shows that there is the ability for

United States and the neo-Gramscian perspectives Essay

United States and the neo-Gramscian perspectives - Essay Example The United States is an interesting case as explained through neo-Gramscian perspective. The model is able to evaluate American policies and their motivation, including their impact on the global arena. There is valuable insight offered with respect to the American behavior in international relations and how to understand and deal with it as a hegemon. This paper will explore the United States from the neo-Gramscian perspective. For this purpose a brief discourse on the theoretical model will be included, with a brief discussion of hegemony from different perspectives as well as the stability and the neo-Gramscian thought and its challenges. This paper will cover the theoretical discussions on power structural, the declinist school of thought, and the concepts of unipolarity and multipolarity. The concept of hegemony emerged out of the integration of the world system on the strength of global economic and political developments. As members of the system struggle and compete in order to navigate its intricacies, players adopt policies that promote and advance their interests. Successful players become dominant within a process that many thinkers consider as social in terms of formation. These players are able to exploit the system to perpetuate its status. Antonio Gramsci, the Italian thinker, provided one of the most important bases to this thought by capturing the dynamics of this process. His position holds that hegemony pertains to the process in which a hegemon is able to exploit the world system for its own purposes. This is achieved through the consent of the dominated class who act for programmes that benefit the hegemon although they may not always be in their best interests.2 This Gramscian perspective is important in the sense that it implies a dominance that is not based on brute force or coercion. Rather, it is viewed as a result of manipulation, with the dominant player(s) orchestrating events and strategies in such a way that subordinate

Needs of Specific Groups of Disabled or Older People

Needs of Specific Groups of Disabled or Older People Outlining the impairments, conditions, rights, and needs of specific groups of disabled or older people Rhojoesa Bingayen 3.1-3.3  A. People with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)   Autism Autism is a complex developmental disorder of brain function accompanied by a broad range of severity of intellectual and behavioural deficits. It usually begins within the first two-and-a-half years of a child’s life (Gillberg et.al., 2011). It causes affected children to experience the world differently from the way most other kids do. Autistic children often appear normal physically but their behaviour may often times seem strange and disturbing as compared to normal children. Autism is marked by three prominent symptoms, which are – impairments in social interaction, impairment in communication, and repetitive behaviour. Children with autism display extreme odd behaviours in the sense that they might either be overly aggressive or abnormally passive. They do not connect with other people around them and do not reciprocate to communication verbal or nonverbal. Their social expressions are limited to extreme display of emotions like screaming, crying or laughing profusely with infrequent signs of subtle expression such as smiling or frowning. They do not establish and maintain eye contact when communicating. They develop routines and are resistant to changes in their routines, they get upset when their routines are broken. People with autism tend to exhibit compulsive behaviour and develop ritualistic behaviour in their daily routine. Common repetitive behaviours include hand-flapping, head banging, rocking, jumping and twirling, arranging and rearr anging objects and repeating sounds or words. Consequences a. Individual Discrimination due to an autistic childs abnormal behavior, people around him may discriminate him, brand him as crazy and they may have prejudgements about him. Isolation because he is being discriminated upon, he may further isolate himself and not connect with other people anymore Potential for neglect because of his inability to express himself, his family and carers may not know what he wants or needs leading to neglect Potential for abuse due to his difficult behaviour, his family and carers may be frustrated leading to potential physical or verbal abuse Low self-esteem because he is different from others, his self-esteem may become lower Potential for self-mutilation his repetitive and unusual behaviours may result in harming himself. If he is disrupted from his routines, he may throw tantrums and hurt himself. b. Family Stress constantly caring and managing the difficult behaviour of an autistic child can be very stressful to the family Exhaustion – the physical demands of caring for an autistic child can be very tiring leading to exhaustion. Autistic children often have disturbed sleep pattern and they need constant supervision which is physically exhausting. Burn out – constant exposure to stress and exhaustion can lead to burn out of the family. They may feel isolated and depressed and may reach breaking point if they don’t get help. Guilt – the parents may feel feelings of guilt and blame themselves for the condition of their child. Embarrassment because of the unusual behaviour of the autistic child, the family may feel embarrassed especially when they are in public places Isolation – due to embarrassment, they may opt to stay at home and not socialize anymore Financial problems – autistic children may need more for his needs, therapies and medications and the family may struggle with their finances. c. Carers Stress – constantly looking after an autistic child and managing his unusual behaviour can be very stressful to the carer. When the child’s routine is disrupted and he gets very upset, he may throw tantrums putting the carer under stress. Exhaustion – physical demands of caring for an autistic child is tiring and can lead to exhaustion. The child may be overly passive or overly active and they may be very difficult to handle leading to exhaustion. Burn out – constant exposure to stress can lead to burn out. This may cause the carer to lose interest in taking care of the child leading to neglect and abuse. May give up job – the carer may be unable to cope with the challenging behaviours of the child and may give up caring for the child Impact on the diverse dynamic of the family Autism affects not only the individual but the whole family. An autistic child may have unusual behaviours, difficulty expressing himself and difficulty connecting with people. This can cause parents to have a hard time accepting the child’s condition and they may feel very frustrated of not being able to connect with their child. Autism may be very overwhelming for them and they may feel very depressed about the condition of their child. Stress due to unusual behaviours can lead to burn out and feelings of emptiness. They may feel anger, resentment and guilt. All the family members may feel isolated and helpless and they may neglect themselves putting forward the needs of their autistic child. Autism can either bind the whole family giving support to each other while caring for the autistic child or the constant exposure of the family in a stressful environment may lead to their falling out as a family. Code of Rights Right to be treated with respect Even though a child is autistic, he is still a human being and has the right to be treated with respect whatever behaviour he may display. Even if he cannot express himself, he still has the right to have his own privacy respected. Right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation His unusual behaviours make him prone to discrimination and his inability to connect and communicate with people can lead to exploitation and abuse. People should bear in mind that he is a human being and have the right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation. Right to dignity and independence Family and carers must ensure that his dignity and independence is upheld. As much as possible promote independence to the child, encourage him to do things to increase his self-esteem and dignity. Right to services of an appropriate standard The family should be made aware of the services that they can tap for the benefit of their autistic child. The child should not be denied of services appropriate for him and his family to optimise their quality of life. He is entitled to early intervention services and special education. Right to effective communication Due to inability to express himself, people should try all means to communicate effectively with him so that he may understand information conveyed to him. Right to be fully informed Even if he cannot communicate effectively, an autistic person together with his family still have the right to be fully informed of whatever procedure or services that will be done to him. Right to support The need of an autistic child is different from normal kids and they may need enormous amount of support. As an individual, they have the right to be given the support that they need. Support needs Autistic children need early and life-long intervention to manage their behaviour and enhance their communication skills. Early intensive behavioural therapies in young autistic children are effective in improving their social and communication skills and it can promote their independence as an individual. There are support groups that are available for families and their autistic child so that they can better deal with autism and optimize their lives. These groups provide counselling, behavioural therapies, accommodation and supported living, respite services, training and education, and day services. These groups are: Autism Parent Support Group Autism Therapy Groups Autism NZ Altogether Autism Mental Health Foundation NZ Intellectually Handicapped Children (IHC) Ministry of Education District Health Boards B. People with dementias 3.1-3.3 Dementia According to Alzheimer’s New Zealand (2012), â€Å"dementia occurs as a result of physical changes in the structure of the brain†. These changes can affect memory, thinking, behaviour, personality and emotion. Because dementia is a progressive syndrome, symptoms will gradually worsen. Plaques and tangles form in the brain and spread through the cortex as dementia progresses causing the nerve cells to die. The plaques and tangles disrupt the messages within the brain, damaging the connections between the brain cells. The brain shrinks due to loss of nerve cells, the cerebral cortex (gray matter) become less and the spaces between the cells become wider thus losing communication between the nerve cells. This leads to slower or no reaction at all and loss of ability to think and make decisions. The disease is characterized by gradual memory loss; decline in ability to perform tasks; impairment in cognitive functioning like impaired judgement, decision-making, abstract and logical thinking; disorientation; changes in mood and behavior; and loss of language skills. Consequences Individual Confusion – due to his loss of memory and inability to recognize things, he may be confused with all the things and people that surround him and this may cause him to be anxious and show challenging behaviours Frustration – because of his difficulty remembering and expressing his thoughts, he might be upset and frustrated with himself Display difficult behaviours – to compensate for his inability to express and communicate effectively, he may display difficult and aggressive behaviours to try and express what he wants Potential for self-injury – his inability to recognize dangerous things may pose harm to him and his constant wandering and not finding his way around can also pose danger to him Isolation – because he have difficulty remembering people, he might isolate himself or the people around him might not connect with him Potential for self-neglect as dementia progresses, he will become slower and more confused and may need constant reminding about his need to eat, to drink, to go to the toilet or have a wash and get dressed. Potential for abuse – when he displays difficult behaviour, his family and carers may get frustrated and irritated which can result to physical or verbal abuse Family Stress Constantly caring for a dementia client everyday can be stressful to the family especially the family member who is assigned to take care of the client. This can be physically and emotionally tiring leading to exhaustion and burnout Frustration when the client shows challenging behaviours, the family may feel frustrated and irritated because they may not know how to handle him Isolation – because they have to constantly look after the client, they may lose relationships and social contacts which can lead to isolation. They may also feel embarrassed with the odd behaviour of the client causing them to isolate themselves. Depression – the condition of the client may cause them sadness and depression, the loss of the person they once knew can result to feelings of loss and grief Financial problem – the family may not be able to constantly look after the client and may hire a carer or put him to a nursing home which can drain their resources Role changes – the family may have to assume the role the client used to have like if he is the head of the family, his spouse or eldest child may have to manage their finances and decision making. Carers Stress – Because dementia clients cannot communicate effectively what they need or want, they may display difficult behaviours to express themselves. The healthcare worker may have difficulty understanding the client which can put them under stress. Exhaustion Constantly working and looking after a dementia client is very physically demanding and this can result to tiredness and exhaustion. Challenging behaviour of the client, wandering around, incontinence and inability to communicate properly can be very stressing to the healthcare worker. Burnout – constant exposure to stress can lead to burn out and they may lose interest in taking care of the client. Potential to abuse client – due to the challenging behaviour of a dementia client, they may also become aggressive and violent, the carers may lose patience which can result to abuse of the client physically or verbally. Impact on the diverse dynamic of the family The family may go through a lot of emotions upon diagnosis of a family member with dementia. The client may be oblivious to what is happening around him due to memory changes and it is the family that will go through the process of loss and grief. The family may grieve over the loss of the person they used to know and love, they may grieve over the loss of relationship, or they may grieve over the loss of the future they have planned together. The difficult and challenging behaviour of the client can put them under so much stress which can lead to exhaustion or burn out. Taking care of the client with dementia everyday can be overwhelming for them and may either strengthen their family or weaken them. Code of Rights Right to be treated with respect A dementia client has the right to be treated with respect whatever behaviour he may display. Even if he cannot express himself, he still has the right to have his own privacy respected. Right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation His unusual behaviours make him prone to discrimination and his inability to connect and communicate with people can lead to exploitation and abuse. People should bear in mind that he is a human being and have the right to freedom from discrimination, coercion, harassment and exploitation. Right to dignity and independence Family and carers must ensure that his dignity and independence is upheld. As much as possible promote independence and encourage him to do things for himself to increase his self-esteem and dignity. Right to services of an appropriate standard The family should be made aware of the services that they can avail for the benefit of the dementia client. He should not be denied of services appropriate for him and his family to optimise their quality of life. Right to effective communication Due to inability to express himself, people should try all means to communicate effectively with him so that he may understand information conveyed to him. Right to be fully informed Even if he cannot communicate effectively, the client should still have the right to be fully informed of whatever procedure or services that will be done to him. Right to support The client has the right to be given the support he needed and be supported by carers of his choice. Support needs Dementia clients have varying needs according to the severity of their disease. Some may need constant reminders only due to their memory changes and some may need full assistance because they have forgotten how to do their ADLs. Dementia is a progressive disease and as the client’s condition worsens over time, they may need constant support and care throughout the course of their disease. Dementia not only affects the individual but also his family and carers, this is life-changing for all of them. They may need people who can truly understand what they are going through. There are support groups available for families and carers where they can connect and access services. These groups provide counselling and stress management techniques; provide support system like personal care, domestic care and carer support ; share knowledge and information on how to effectively manage challenging behaviours; provide education and training; provide links to resources available in the community like facilities/institutions who provides respite care, day care services, sitting services and others. These groups are: Alzheimer’s New Zealand Age Concern Residential care Facilities Home Based Services Health and Disability Commissioner Citizens Advice Bureau Work and Income Ministry of Health District Health Boards 3.4 References Alzheimer’s New Zealand (2012). Retrieved from http://www.alzheimers.org.nz/about-dementia/what-is-dementia#sthash.tFkup8ng.dpuf Autism Speaks Inc. (2014). Autism and your family. Retrieved from http://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism/autism-your-family Careerforce (n.d.) Community support services for people with dementia. Retrieved from http://ilearn.careerforce.org.nz/mod/book/view.php?id=272 Gillberg, C., Hollander, E., Kolevson, A. (2011). Textbook of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Virginia, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. Rhojoesa BingayenPage 1